Ageism Prejudice Or Discrimination Against A Particular...

According to the online dictionary, Merriam Webster (2015) ageism is â€Å"prejudice or discrimination against a particular age group and especially the elderly.† Ageism is a form of stereotyping that can be pernicious to organisations by creating a platform for discrimination and further conflict. Ageism occurs quite regularly within organisations, whether it is directly or unknowingly, and intervention methods need to be employed to stop this conflict from arising. Stereotypes have long been prevalent in society, they are a part of our everyday lives – they are everywhere. â€Å"Stereotyping is the process of assigning traits to people on the basis of their membership in a social category,† (McShane, Olekalns and Tavaglione 2014). For example, the common belief that all blondes are unintelligent is a stereotype. Stereotyping is very much a natural and unconscious process – we cannot help it. Stereotypes can come from situations we ourselves may experience, our values and attitudes as well as our perception of certain topics, but typically stereotypes are a result of media portrayals. We engage in stereotyping for a number of reasons – it makes life easier for us as it allows us to remember only certain features or parts of a stereotype, which is much easier than remembering each unique characteristic that makes up a person. We also stereotype because of our need for closure, and in particular our need for cognitive closure. This means that we tend to fill in the missing informationShow MoreRelatedSocial Inequality in Elderly Americans1115 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Inequality in Elderly Americans Elderly people (women and men age sixty-five or older) (Macionis, 2005), Have many obstacles to face as they grow older, many of these obstacles involve social inequality. Not only do the elderly have to learn to deal with many forms of Ageism (the stereotyping and prejudice against individuals or groups because of their age), some also have to deal with the fact that they do not have enough savings or pension benefits to be self supporting, for most peopleRead MoreAgeism : The Most Prevalent Prejudice Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesAgeism: The most prevalent prejudice Prejudice is defined by dictionary.com as â€Å"unreasonable feelings, opinions, or attitudes, especially of a hostile nature, regarding an ethnic, racial, social, or religious (Define prejudice in Dictionary.com, n.d.). Ageism is seldom recognized as a form of prejudice. Nonetheless, research shows that ageism is the most prevalent prejudice (Bousfield and Hutchinson, 2010, p. 451). This finding calls for an evaluation of how children view the elderly if theyRead MoreAgeism in Healthcare6728 Words   |  27 Pagesï » ¿ Age Related Healthcare Discrimination (Ageism) in Healthcare Student Name Professor Name DHA-865 July 14, 2013 Age Related Healthcare Discrimination (Ageism) in Healthcare While the â€Å"Greatest Generation† is a title often given to those Americans who lived and died during the era of the Great Depression and World War II, their offspring, the â€Å"Baby Boom† generation, significantly shaped and improved the American landscape as well if for no greater reason thanRead MoreThe Geriatric Population Is Surging Across The World1295 Words   |  6 Pagesglorifies youth and beauty whilst it simultaneously holds prejudiced views against the aging process, even though every individual ages with every second that passes. Stereotypes are exaggerated, prejudiced, and distorted generalizations that degrade individual uniqueness by creation of commonalities of a type of person or within a group of people (Novak, Campbell Northcott, 2014). Older adults in the Western world are especially victims to stereotyping due to cultural standards and media portrayalRead MoreCorrelation Between Age And Preference For Association With Individuals From A Age Group Or Bracket1497 Words   |  6 Pagesto evaluate the correlation between age and preference for association with individuals from a certain age group or bracket. The use of an IAT test revealed that most people have a strong bias towards old individuals in favor of associations with younger people. The research study was based on extensive observations in numerous American societies that prefer or exhibit a veiled discrimination and/or bias towards old people. Once individuals attain a particular age when they are not self-supportingRead MoreRacism, Prejudice, And Discrimination1031 Words   |  5 Pages The movie we watched to see ageism was Up. The definition of ageism, from Meriam Webster, is prejudice or discrimination against a particular age-group, especially the elderly. In my opinion, we can also see it against young people. We can see when a job is hiring, they might not hire someone because they are too young, and they might think they are unprofessional. We can also see ageism in the Bible. Proverbs 23:22 says, â€Å"Listen to your father who begot you, and do not despise your mother whenRead MoreEssay on Eth125 R8 Disability Diversity1763 Words   |  8 Pages Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is prejudice or discrimination against a particular age-group, especially the elderly. Ageism influences the presence of diversity because those who are affected by ageism within their career may lose their job due to newer, younger, cheaper people coming into the workplace to take over theirRead MoreDiversity Worksheet1946 Words   |  8 Pagesyou use. What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is prejudice and discrimination against older adults. (Schaefer, 2012) It is a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to justify age based prejudice, discrimination, and subordination. This may be casual or systematic. The term was coined in 1969 by Robert Neil Butler to describe discrimination against seniors, and patterned on sexism and racism. Butler defined ageism as a combination ofRead More Ageism in the Workplace Essay2447 Words   |  10 PagesAge discrimination has long been present in society due to the rapid development happening around us. According to Farney, Aday Breault (2006), this era of ageism is defined as discrimination against any age group, but it often is pointed to age discrimination among adults which is slowly causing a negative effect for them in the workplace. In the workplace, adults with more experience and longer history behind them are targets of this ageism belief that companies and employers tend to have (FarneyRead MoreCompla int Case Studies1559 Words   |  6 Pagesofficers varying in ages from 21 to 59. The officers serving at the department have varying tenures with some putting in more than ten years of service to the department. It has come to my attention that the department has come up with a policy where police officers with better performance receive increased compensation after some sort of performance review. It is open knowledge that the duties of police officers require very strong physical ability in most situations especially when it comes to apprehending

Solving Math Problem Solving Skills - 2668 Words

Problem solving skills in the area of mathematics: Instruction in problem-solving skills begins at an early age for students. The strategies and techniques used in developing these skills are introduced in elementary schools, typically in a mathematics lesson. The four steps for problem solving in mathematics as identified by Pà ³lya (2004) are: understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and reflecting on the problem. For the first step, understanding the problem, this is where the student attempts to decipher what the problem is asking, and what information has been provided in the question. Devising a plan is where the student develops strategies to solve the problem. This is where a picture or diagram can be created and /or mathematical relationships can be used to describe the problem. For carrying out the plan, the student will look to their diagram or mathematical relationship and take what information they have discovered form the original problem to see if they can solve the problem. The last ste p is looking back to the original question to determine if the solution they have found answers the original problem. This is a familiar strategy used by most teachers in school to impart to their students how to solve a word problem. The most crucial component in the solving of word-problems in mathematics is deciphering what the question has asked and this is the step where students struggle the most. It may be attributed to notShow MoreRelatedPSY 315 WEEK 4 PROBLEMS871 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Week 4 Practice Problems 11. List the five steps of hypothesis testing, and explain the procedure and logic of each Step 1: During this step of hypothesis testing, the query is stated again as a research theory and a null theory regarding the populations. The null and research hypothesizes are the opposites of each other. This step is necessary because it explains the theory and recognizes the populations, which will be worked throughout the study. Step 2: During this second step, the characteristicsRead MoreMathematics : Mathematical Problem Solving1637 Words   |  7 PagesThe definition of mathematical problem-solving can be subjective and, as such, there is no clear interpretation (English and Kirshner, 2015; Ponte and Matos, 2012). Silver (2013) purports that mathematical problem-solving is a way of defining the discipline of mathematics, asserting that all mathematics involve creating and solving problems. Nevertheless, a problem can be defined as a task where the individual concerned does not initially know how the solution may be reached and that provides anRead MoreMath strategies for special education students Essay example1164 Words   |  5 Pages Special education students often lack the necessary mathematical skills needed to be independently successful in the secondary classroom. These students face challenges in applying the basic math skills needed as well as retaining basic math skills from grade level to grade level. Lack of understanding, in addition to causing classroom difficulties, can cause other personal and social dilemmas for the special education students. Lack of motivation, anger, lack of self value, and other disruptiveRead MoreExplain The Benefits Of Teaching Problem Solving Math902 Words   |  4 PagesExplain the benefits of teaching problem solving math. It is important to teach or at least try to teach students problem solving related to math. Problem solving plays a big part in the math process. Teaching problem solving is beneficial to students because helps the students find solutions when struggling. It helps math to be more interesting and less stressful. Students see math with less negative reaction and more hope. Problem solving helps and improves student’s ability to think, solveRead MoreI Am A Problem Solving Skills970 Words   |  4 Pagesin class I learned a lot about problem solving and how to have good problem solving skills. Having good problem solving skills is an important skill every single person should have. We run into problems every day that we need to be able to figure out on our own. I wouldn’t say I am a bad problem solver, but I would definitely say that my problem solving skills could improve. In order to have good problem solving skills, you need to have good critical thinking skills as w ell. Today in class, I learnedRead MoreProblem Solving For The Primary Grades1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe article â€Å"Problem Solving for the Primary Grades† discussed one of the problems children face in school which is problem solving equations. The students are distancing themselves from mathematics and struggling with word problems. The author talks about how children have great problem solving skills because they have been doing it long before they started school. If given a chance, they can enhance their skills dealing with math concepts. Bruni then mentions what needs to be thought about whenRead MoreMath 213 Reflective Paper839 Words   |  4 PagesReflective Paper - Math 213 Math 213 is a class packed full of information valuable to the development of a professional math teacher. There were several major mathematical concepts addressed in the class ranging from problem solving, numeration systems and sets, whole numbers and their operations, to algebraic thinking, integers and number theory, rational numbers as fractions, decimals and real numbers, and proportional reasoning, percents, and applications. This class enhanced my understandingRead MoreAnalysis Of Vasquez s Theories And Factors Influencing The Principles Of The System Of Gears1269 Words   |  6 Pagestogether† (Vasquez, Sneider, Comer, 2013, p. 12). Furthermore, Vasquez (2013) recommends the following five guiding principles to guide the gear mesh alignment of the STEM fields: focus on integration, establish relevance, emphasize 21st Century skills, challenge your students, and mix it up (p. 18-19). However, Vasquez (2013) remains cognizant of the challenging nature of implementing a ll five principles and urges educators to â€Å"remember you don’t have to do it all† (p.21). The subsequent paragraphsRead MoreI Have Always Had A Passion For Mathematics Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagessudokus, measured my entire house, made graphs, and even created my own problems to explore mathematics. I would do all of my work, including tests, without a calculator just to challenge myself and do more math. As the concepts increased in difficulty, the subject became even more fun for me. The dedication and creativity required in advanced mathematics have only empowered my enthusiasm for mathematics. The problem-solving within mathematics and the love I had for the subject inspired me to becomeRead MoreImportance Of Proofs Of Teaching Mathematical Proofs884 Words   |  4 PagesFor many math students around the world, proofs are dreaded; they are seen as pointless memorization of obvious ideas. These are most student’s beliefs because they have never truly been taught or experienced the true purposes of proofs. Zaslavsky, Nickerson, Stylianides, Kidron, and Winicki-Landman (2012) write to discuss the importance of teaching mathematical proofs in school. They continue on to express reasons why students need proofs and the multiple ways in which teachers can facilitate the

Has UK become a digital nation Free Essays

string(41) " information systems and infrastructure\." Abstract Information Technology has become more prevalent making it indispensable in the day to day activities of not just individuals or businesses but to the nation as a whole. There are more government initiatives to move from paper-based record keeping to a digital record management. However, despite technology growth, the nation as a whole is not prepared to get accustomed to a digital world. We will write a custom essay sample on Has UK become a digital nation? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though technology simplifies certain key processes and tasks in our day to day lives there are still areas like training and development that the nation needs to tackle in order embrace the digital revolution. The key aim of this review is to understand the key role of information technology and information systems in business, public sector and in the lives of the common man and the evolution of technology and its use in various areas. The review critically analyses research about internet and other emerging technologies and points out the current gaps. Introduction The rapid development of information technology and tools has not only made it easier for individuals and businesses to work at their own convenience and obtain information faster, but has also shrunk the world into a global village. Information Systems and Technologies have now become the backbone and lifeblood of businesses. In an information age, almost all processes are automated by businesses, most transactions take place over the internet and businesses use information technology in some way or the other. The Office for National Statistics (2013) have shown that there has been a sharp increase in the usage of internet for business activities. From using internet as a primary means of communications, businesses are now increasingly using internet for making sales online. The statistics show that 18% of the business turnover was accounted for by online sales and nearly 43% of businesses in the UK used social media to market their products and promotional activities. Studies by Business Zone (2011) showed that 77% of the households in the UK have access to the internet and that the growth in the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has the potential to generate ?35 million value added growth in the UK economy by businesses. In the digital technological age, businesses and nations have two options to either embrace the technology or be a technologically divided nation. Technology has become ingrained in the lives of the modern man and has proven to have significant advantages and benefits. The last four decades have shown a stark increase in the development and usage of technology. Businesses that do not have technological expertise miss out on opportunities, individuals find it difficult to carry on even the most mundane tasks without technological assistance as dependence on technology increases but technology enables information to be available at any time that helps organisations take strategic decisions (Melville et al, 2004) The main aim of this paper is to identify the role information systems play in organisations and to critically review the literature to get an in-depth understanding of the IT trends and infrastructure evolution in order to understand whether the UK has become a digital nation. Literature Review This section discusses the role of Information Systems in business organisations, the infrastructure and key technological developments over the past few years and also the role of internet in the digital and modern age. Information Systems in Business Studies show that information systems are being used by businesses in order to increase productivity, decrease costs, and effectively manage their day to day operations thereby increasing profits (Melville et al, 2004). Information Technology and Information Systems are no longer a separate department in an organisation but a cross-functional one which has a role to play in the overall business, thus making it inevitable (Rainer and Cegielski, 2010). In their book, Enabling and Transforming Business, the authors (Melville et al, 2004)discuss the role information system plays in not only developing the business but also as a key role it takes in facilitating the business to reach its strategic and long-term goals and vision. The authors discuss the power of digital information and the real-world applications of Information Technology in a business environment. The authors show that IT solutions can be applied to any business problem in order to maximise the returns and also to ensure that an effective solution is maintained. This is not just true to business organisations. In a digitised world, governments also apply Information Technology to make information available and to use IT and information systems to process, store and disseminate information to enable faster processing, reduction in costs, improved practices and complying with various regulations .(Rainer and Cegielski, 2010).There is an undeniable and key role that Information Technology plays in business organisations that it is almost impossible for businesses to function without IT support. This does not mean that using IT would lead the organisation to success. The authors point out by means of case studies and examples where using IT can actually lead to the failure. This points out to the areas that need to be concentrated on while implementing an IT solution within the business or the key points that need to be considered while deciding to digitise the business to ensure that the IT implementat ion helps the business achieve its objectives. This book provides all the basic pointers that need to be noted while implementing an information system and takes the reader through the importance `and advantages of the same. This book however cannot act as a final guide for choosing appropriate technologies or for advanced readers. Businesses in this information age are moving to global web-based platforms to be able to appeal to more customers. Internet and other emerging technologies, such as wireless and mobile communication systems, further enhance their business offering and also for competitive and strategic advantage (Bocij, 2006). Organisations use information systems for provision of business intelligence that would enable them be in the forefront (Negash, 2004). Studies relate good organisational performance with a strong information systems and infrastructure. You read "Has UK become a digital nation?" in category "Essay examples" Information technology has a great impact in the performance of the company and helps to add value to the services offered. However, researchers show that in order for the information technology to be able to add value and help in the significant contribution of the success of the business, it is essential a good framework is being used to develop the IT business model, tra ining needs are adhered to and that a proper change management mechanism is in place. (Melville et al, 2004). From the above, it can be noted that information systems in business is inevitable and even government organisations are adapting and embracing new technologies thus driving forward the digital age and making a contributing to drive the nation to go digital. Emerging Technologies Information Technology is developing and evolving at a rapid pace. Technology is no longer just a personal computer or a network of computers. Gartner (2013) predicts the top technologies include mobile device management, mobile apps and applications, cloud computing, smart machines and 3-D printing in 2014. MIT technology (2014) discusses that future holds a lot more breakthroughs in technologies. The most fascinating and powerful technologies that would dominate the current year are noted as ultraprivate smartphones built with security and privacy, 3-D printing, neuromorphic chips that act like brain chips and mobile collaboration. The research shows that these technologies take the digital age to a whole new level and that helps businesses become and remain more competitive and also take provision of services to a whole new level. Powerful and modern technology would enable businesses to operate and collaborate in a better fashion. These emerging technologies show that the scope of technology has gone beyond just using of computers and how technology if used properly can help steering forward the digital era and also the impact it can make on business as well as the entire population. Internet in Business Internet in business is gaining more and more importance and the proliferation of this technology has made communications seamless across the globe. The Internet started out as a communication technology and now has become indispensable to the business not only for communication but also for various other purposes (Afuah, 2000). Internet is increasingly used as a tool to collaborate, make sales, communicate with customers, build brand image and as an economically viable channel to advertise and reach out to a larger population of customers (Zhao, 2000). Internet commerce or e-commerce facilitates processing of transactions online using internet technologies. The development of these technologies and the proliferation of these has enabled businesses to sell their products directly to the customers irrespective of their geographic location. This technological era has not only changed dramatically but has also led to the change in perspective in terms of business models and the way businesses and corporations operate and engage with customers. The emergence of social media sites on the internet enables businesses use these to be able to pitch their ideas and attract a plethora of customers, build trust and a brand image. Similarly, using internet technologies has enabled effective communication across the globe irrespective of the time zone and to be able to obtain information across the globe at convenience. Overall this has marked the rapid growth in using technology as a means for development and making a significant impact in the digital world. Benefits of IT Studies show that UK digitisation has had a very positive impact in the economy and has added nearly ?63 billion to the annual GDP. The other benefits of IT in the general population and the economy includes: Better living quality by minimising efforts and increasing efficiency of services offered. Internet proficiency can help government to meet its goals and also streamline various processes. (UK Booz Co, 2012) Businesses can collaborate better and use its online presence to market its products and services. Key Information Technology Challenges Though internet and other Information and Communications Technologies have become more prevalent and common in businesses today, there are still various organisations that face various IT implementation challenges. These include: 1. Moving from paper-based environment to electronic records: Studies show that more than 90% of the businesses use electronic records. However, moving from paper based to electronic environment could be quite challenging. Businesses would need to be able to find the correct records management software and technologies to support their processes and manage business records digitally and this is difficult because of the lack of key skills and expertise in understanding the various tools and services that are offered. This process could be further complicated by various compliance laws that might become applicable whilst moving to electronic records, organisational culture and change management procedure in place to handle these (M Rapaport, 2014). Training: When implementing new technologies it is imperative that staff are trained. Implementing new technologies might cause reluctance in employees using these due to lack of knowledge, skills and expertise. It is imperative that businesses use good training methods and have adequate change control to ensure business-wide acceptance of the technologies (E Savitz, 2011). Security: Security is a key issue and data protection and privacy are areas of concern for enterprises. Systems and technologies are under various threats and risks and it is therefore essential for businesses to think through the information security challenges, authentication and authorisation methods, policies, compliance and regulatory requirements whilst implementing IT within the business (Symantec, 2014). Conclusion All businesses and individuals are using information technology more and more. Government departments are also moving towards electronic data and technology has now become a part and parcel of all organisations. However, this development has a lot of challenges and businesses need to cross a lot of barriers before implementing the correct information system and technology. Training and acceptance of technology has to be taken into consideration while implementing Information systems across the organisation. There are various advantages of using IT and affiliated technologies. The key challenges facing the government adapting to technology is ensuring cost effectiveness and having a fully transparent procedure that is auditable. Moving to a digital age can make certain things challenging; however, the benefits of implementation of technologies outweigh the challenges. The current trend shows that there would be an increase in the technological proliferation and for government to embrace the technology fully it requires that the skills gap be catered to and that ICT literacy is taken into consideration by the government. To become a digital nation, substantial investment is required and the adequate skills needed to be able to support the infrastructure and the technology are essential. The costs for such an emergence needs to be taken into consideration and the necessary measures need to be taken to be fully prepared to embrace the technological age with ease. This review has shown that there are various benefits of using Information Technology and has also shown evidence of the usage of Information Technology by businesses and the government. This clearly shows the steps and the contribution to move to a digital era. It also highlights the key challenges faced and these challenges if tackled effectively would lead to harnessing all the key benefits of technology thus making UK a truly digital nation. References Rainer and Cegielski (2010): Introduction to Information Systems: Enabling and Transforming Business. USA: Wiley Publication. N Melville, K Kraemer, and V Gurbaxani (2004): Review: Information technology and organizational performance: An integrative model of IT business value. MIS Quarterly, ACM Digital Library. Negash S (2004). â€Å"Business Intelligence,† Communications of the Association for Information Systems: Vol. 13, Article 15. Available at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol13/iss1/15 Office for National Statistics (2013): ICT Activity for UK Business 2012, Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/rdit2/ict-activity-of-uk-businesses/2012/index.html Business Zone (2011): Internet stats show importance of online for small businesses, Available at: http://www.businesszone.co.uk/topic/technology/internet-stats-show-importance-online-small-businesses/36800 Bocij, P. (2006): Business Information Systems: Technology, Development and Management for the E-Business. UK: Pearson Education Trust. Rivera, J. (2013): Gartner Identifies the Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2014, Orlando Available at: http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2603623 MIT Technology (2014): 10 Breakthrough technologies in 2014, Available at: http://www.technologyreview.com/lists/technologies/2014/ A Afuah (2000): Internet Business Models and Strategies: Text and Cases, ACM Digital Library, USA David W. Stewart, Qin Zhao (2000) Internet Marketing, Business Models, and Public Policy. Journal of Public Policy Marketing: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 287-296 Rapaport, M. (2014): Top Challenges of Moving from Paper to Digital in Quality Management, IQS, USA. Available at: http://www.iqs.com/iqs-blog/top-challenges-moving-paper-digital-quality-management/#.U9KImvldVo8 Savitz E. (2011): How To Get Employees To (Really) Use New Technology, Forbes, USA. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2011/07/14/how-to-get-employees-to-really-use-new-technology/ Symantec, 2014: Securing the New Enterprise: Five Key IT Challenges. Available at: http://www.symantec.com/content/en/us/enterprise/white_papers/b-5-key-it-challenges-en-us.pdf Go On UK Booz Co â€Å"This is for Everyone: The Case for Universal Digitisation†, 2012 How to cite Has UK become a digital nation?, Essay examples

Digital Innovation Retail Industry

Question: Discuss about the Digital Innovationfor Retail Industry. Answer: Introduction This essay is encompassing the implementation process of Mobile Application within retail organization in order to analyze the need of digital innovation within retail industry. Discussion The retail organization wants to implement mobile application to attract their customers with respect to competitive trends within the target market. The concerned customers can order their desired products and services with the help of mobile application that the retail organization want to implement (Pantano 2014). The retail organization has to invest around $60, 000, 00. This estimated budget is for developing the system architecture, network design and other important costs involved within the implementation process. In consideration with the value proposition involved in this implementation process of mobile application, customers of the retail organization find this application beneficial with respect to their variable demands and needs with technological trends. The important revenue resources are increasing in relation with the demands of customers, demand for advanced technological support to the retail industry (Fichman et al. 2014). In contrast with this fact, relevant customers in for this concerned retail organization are the adults and children those are mainly fond of shopping activities. With respect to the key activities involved within this implementation of mobile application, there are various important measures that needs be managed, such as monitoring of system architecture development, project scope identification and project management. Important resources for this implementation process are system configuration heads, network implementation head, mobile application developer etc. Conclusion This can be concluded that the digital innovation is very important to be included within the retail industry in order to improvise the effectiveness of the organization with respect to new evolving trends in the market. References Fichman, R.G., Dos Santos, B.L. Zhiqiang (Eric) Zheng, 2014, Digital innovation as a fundamental and powerful concept in the information Systems curriculum.Mis Quarterly,38(2), pp.329-343. Pantano, E., 2014, Innovation drivers in retail industry, International Journal of Information Management,34(3), pp.344-350.

7 Facts about Famous Speakers Who Gave a Graduation Speech

7 Facts about Famous Speakers Who Gave a Graduation Speech If you have been chosen to give a graduation speech, congratulations are at order. Your academic excellence and confidence have definitely attracted the attention of your instructor. However, you now need to create a speech that proves that you were truly the best choice. While you are welcome to take a shortcut and simply pick one of our 20 topics for a graduation speech, you can be inspired by the following seven facts from the graduation speeches of prominent celebrities and well-known personalities. Steve Jobs gave a commencement address at Stanford University graduation ceremony in 2005. The innovator had dropped out of college because it was too expensive. However, he stuck around the college for 18 months and snuck into classes he thought were interesting, including calligraphy class. During his speech, he told the students to follow their hearts and trust them to lead them through. He went on to mention that the worst thing they may face could very well turn out the best thing that could happen, giving them the example of his public dismissal from Apple, which led to NeXT and Pixar as well as meeting his wife. Finally, he urged the students to listen to their inner voice and to stay hungry for knowledge and foolish enough to seek it at all times and places. Naval Adm. William H. McRaven, BJ 77 gave the commencement address at the graduation ceremony of the University of Texas Austin in 2014. During his 20-minute speech, he told students to begin by doing the little things right before moving on to the larger ones. He also advised them to seek the help of others, be it friends, colleagues, or even strangers. To choose the right people though, they would need to assess individuals by their will to succeed rather than their color, education, social status, or ethnic backgrounds. McRaven also went on to explain that people who wanted to change the world should be capable of meeting life’s ups and downs with their heads held high; to slide down obstacles face on, and continue to shine during their darkest moments. David Foster Wallace, the author of â€Å"Infinite Jest†, one of Time Magazine’s100 best English-language novels published since 1923, gave the commencement address at the graduation ceremony of Kenyon College in 2005. His speech became so famous that in 2009 he published its concept in a book called â€Å"This is Water†. In the 2005 speech, the author told students to appreciate keeping things in mind. He went on to explain that they needed to learn and remember important life lessons from the very first time and never forget them regardless of how much trouble they face. Another important concept he focused on was the importance of using higher education to effectively assess others and act appropriately in everyday life. Ellen DeGeneres was the keynote speaker at the 2009 graduation ceremony of Tulane University. The comedian-turned-show-host shared the experiences that made her the confident, free-spirited person she is. She especially focused on the tumble her career took when she decided to tell the truth about her sexuality in order to be true to herself. However, she told the students that she managed to remain true to herself. Despite the hardships she had faced, she managed to succeed and achieve more fame than she imagined. Oprah Winfrey gave a speech at the 2007 Howard University graduation ceremony. She addressed the students, telling them not to be scared since nobody knows for sure where they will go in life. Instead, they may actually be able to succeed simply because they received ample nurturing at the institution. She then goes on to say that everyone has a calling, which is why they are part of this world. Oprah urged them to find out what they are supposed to do and begin doing it. She provided them with examples from her own life, including when she first decided to be on TV despite the entertainment industry’s racist views. Will Ferrell gave an extremely humorous speech at the graduation ceremony of Harvard University in 2003. While some may think the speech was entirely comedic and had no substance to it, it was actually the opposite. The comedian told the students about the real world through his eyes and experiences without sugarcoating it at the least. He explained that their life has been sheltered so far and that the worst is yet to come. One interesting bit of advice Ferrell shared is to question leaders the right number of questions at the right time. J.K. Rowling gave a powerful speech titled ‘The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination at the 2008 graduation ceremony of Harvard University. The author of the ‘Harry Potter’ series went on about her fair share of disappointments, which began when she was not accepted in Oxford University in 1981. She even told students that the fact that they were graduating from Harvard probably meant that they have not been acquainted with failure. However, Rowling told them that they should not let the world decide what constitutes failure, but rather decide its criteria for themselves. Moreover, they should be ready to face inevitable failure head on. After all, to her, it meant stripping individuals from the unnecessary and gaining the determination to learn more about herself. With a new approach and knowledge, she would emerge wiser and stronger. You can use these seven facts to be inspired while writing your own speech. If you do not know how to write a great piece, check out our guide on how to write a speech for graduation for help and tips. Best of luck with your speech! References: Text of Steve Jobs Commencement address (2005). (2005). Retrieved April 19, 2016, from https://news.stanford.edu/2005/06/14/jobs-061505/ Adm. McRaven Urges Graduates to Find Courage to Change the World. (2014). Retrieved April 19, 2016, from http://news.utexas.edu/2014/05/16/mcraven-urges-graduates-to-find-courage-to-change-the-world This is Water Alumni Bulletin Kenyon College. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2016, from http://bulletin.kenyon.edu/x4280.html IU Bloomington Newsroom. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2016, from http://news.indiana.edu/releases/iu/2014/10/michael-uslan-iu-media-school.shtml Commencement. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2016, from https://tulane.edu/grads/ellen-degeneres.cfm Class Day speech June 4, 2003: Will Ferrell. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2016, from http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2003/06/class-day-speech-june-4-2003-will-ferrell/ Text of J.K. Rowling’s speech. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2016, from http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/06/text-of-j-k-rowling-speech/

The role of genetics in development

The role of genetics in development Genetic factors have a significant role in determining human development. It involves understanding the inheritance of genes from parents to offspring and gene processes that may have impacts on human development. Researchers have concentrated on understanding human growth and differentiation right from the fertilized ova to adulthood. They have noted that development and various characteristics result from the expression of some specific genes (Berger, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of genetics in development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, genetic factors influence how a child develops. Genetics provides specific and basic blueprint that determines child development. However, it is important to recognize the role of environment in influencing a child’s development. For instance, some environmental factors like nutrition may alter the gene setup of an individual. In such cases, th ey may deter growth to achieve full potential or inhibit development of certain body composition, which could result in genetic disorders. One must note that genetics composition and environmental factors interact to determine development in individuals (Mossler, 2011). Genes of the two parents could influence the traits of an offspring. However, expressions of genes from parents depend on two different factors. These include interactions among genes and further interaction in genotype and with the environment. Interactions between genes could result in conflicting information. In some cases, one gene could dominate the other. Not all genes have the same manner of interaction because others may be additive. For instance, a child could have both short and tall parents. The genes may not dominate each other and such a child could end up with an average height. In some cases, the child may exhibit â€Å"dominant-recessive gene patterns† (Miko, 2008). This is common in eye colors where brown eye genes are â€Å"dominant while blue eye genes become recessive† (Miko, 2008). One parent may pass a dominant gene to the child. In this case, the dominant gene will win over the recessive gene, and the child may exhibit the characteristics of a parent who produced dominant genes (Miko, 2008). Genes also interact with environments. The environment may affect gene expression in children for the rest of their lives. For example, pregnant women who expose their fetuses to harmful chemicals could create conditions that would later affect their children’s development.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, environmental factors could affect genes responsible for a child’s height. For instance, persistent illness or poor diets could deter the expressions of genes responsible for the child’s height. In such cases, the child would n ot be tall as the genetic code had shown. Parents may also pass hereditary conditions to their offspring. This could result in genetic disorder. It is important to recognize that genes interaction processes are not infallible. Thus, defects may occur during the process. Under some circumstances, the number of chromosomes in a sperm or ovum may not be even. This may result in either more or less chromosomes than in normal circumstances (the number of normal chromosomes are 23). In situations where abnormal cells interact and stick together with normal cells, â€Å"the resultant fertilized ovum (zygote) will also have abnormal number of chromosomes† (Miko, 2008). Some studies have hinted that most of the fertilized eggs normally result in abnormal genes with more or less than 23 chromosomes. However, the body aborts most of these abnormal zygotes, and they never develop to achieve a full-term period of a fetus. Disorders result from zygotes, which develop to full-term fetuses. Such disorders affect child development. Researchers have linked some disorders entirely with genetic interactions, whereas in other cases, genetic factors may have partial roles. Tay-Sachs disease is an â€Å"inherited condition of the nervous system† (Jasmin, 2012). The disease progressively affects â€Å"neurons in the brain and spinal cord† (Jasmin, 2012). The defective gene on â€Å"chromosome 15 is responsible for Tay-Sachs condition† (Jasmin, 2012). Both parents must be â€Å"carriers of the Tay-Sachs gene in order for the child to develop the condition† (Jasmin, 2012). Every parent must contribute the responsible gene. However, the child may be â€Å"a carrier of Tay-Sachs disease only if one parent passes the abnormal gene him or her† (Jasmin, 2012). This would not result in Tay-Sachs condition, but the child will have the possibility of passing the condition to his or her children. One can observe Tay-Sachs disease between â€Å"the age of three and six months after birth† (Jasmin, 2012). At infancy, children with Tay-Sachs disease experience slow developments and weaknesses in their muscles.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of genetics in development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Infants progressively lose motor skills, they may not move. Later on, children with the condition may develop â€Å"seizures, vision and hearing loss, intellectual disability, and paralysis† (Jasmin, 2012). Examination of the eye can reveal a cherry-red spot in such children. Children with extreme conditions may not live beyond their early childhood stage. There are other rare forms of the condition, which have mild symptoms relative to severe cases during infancy stage. Children with mild forms of Tay-Sachs also have weak muscles, ataxia, speech, mental, and movement challenges. Tay-Sachs disease has no cure, but physicians can only improve condit ions of children with it. There are no existing methods of preventing Tay-Sachs disease. However, genetic testing can reveal a carrier, and a couple can decide before starting a family. Evidently, genetics have critical influences on child development. However, genetic factors may interact with environmental factors in order to control a child’s development. References Berger, K. (2000). The developing person: Through childhood and adolescence. New York: Worth Publishers. Jasmin, L. (2012). Tay-Sachs disease. Web. Miko, I. (2008). Genetic dominance: genotype-phenotype relationships. Nature Education 1(1).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mossler, A. (2011). Child and adolescent development. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Deepening Affirmations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Deepening Affirmations - Essay Example Generally speaking, the Deepening Affirmation opens up a world of thought that is provocative and an eye-opener. I have learned remarkably in reading the self-help book written by Benor. In it, Benor asserts the close connection between the body and the mind (1). For instance, the physical pain that a person feels is something that a body wants to communicate to that person. Although physical, at certain extent, pain also exists in one’s mind. Benor’s concept of pain is distinct from what the modern science defines the term â€Å"pain.† For him, pain is deeply related to the person’s past. When an individual experiences pain, such pain is not derived from the physical immediate environment but from his or her inner self. With this kind of pain, medicine or any sort of drug medication cannot heal the pain that a person encounters. He or she must discover for him- or herself the historical/psychological reason why the pain emerged. Benor’s idea is fascinating because such concept or theory views the pain (e.g., fear) not in the outside and immediate world but i n the inner workings of a person. Thence, pain can be reduced, if not healed completely, through the person him- or herself. Benor presents a method of how to self-help one’s self: WHEE. There is something agreeable in Benor’s idea of mind, body, and pain. In fact, I have always believed that my body and my mind are interconnected and interrelated. When I think of good thoughts, my body is at ease. And when my body is healthy and strong, my mind is far from dis-ease (borrowed from Benor). What is surprising in his method is the tapping part and the recitation of an affirmative statement. Intuitively, they sound silly. There is no quarrel with the body-mind theory but I find it ridiculous to use the WHEE method. Benor seems to compare pain with a little boy. When a boy is experiencing difficulty or discomfort, the parent or guardian usually gently taps his

Curriculum proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Curriculum proposal - Essay Example Focus would be on providing the students with listening and speaking skills that would make the students confident when engaging in business activities like ordering, telephoning, networking and problem solving. In accordance with the definition of curriculum by Richards (2001), this proposed research will involve analysis of the needs, evaluation of the aims and objectives and provision of resources that would be the basis of learning and teaching. Appreciating that the environment influences the curriculum to be adopted and the mode of teaching to be used as cited by Richards (2001), this course being specific on the environment of execution would require an adoption of specific approach in teaching English as a foreign language, EFL. It would be different as the approach that would have been adopted for an environment of employers, parents or politicians among other learning environments. According to Wang (2011), this context would yield best outcomes with the adoption of case-based teaching. In this approach, students would be given a virtual business situation that incorporates the relevant issues from which the students will analyze, communicate and come up with appropriate solutions. According to the researcher, this approach should be adopted in classroom activity and course design as it has been noted to increase the communication competence of students and avoid errors in language communication. Various theories explain how students learn. In this case, the behavioral learning theory which according to Lavadenz (2011) postulates that learning would be as a result of a response to environmental stimuli approaches teaching through repetition, practice and reward. The Saudi students would be rewarded with better business English communication skills. Learning business English would call for internal motivation to achieve the desired outcome since all languages have same underlying principles, referred

The Fellowship of the Ring. The book vs movie Essay

The Fellowship of the Ring. The book vs movie - Essay Example This study is concerned not so much with minor changes that were done for the sake of time constraints – for example, the fact that the hobbits had a long journey by river before they reached Bree – but rather with more thematic and seemingly unnecessary changes that seem to veer away from the spirit of the book. The depiction of the fight at Weathertop between Aragorn and the hobbits and the Nazgul is one of the sequences where the portrayal of the characters of the hobbits – especially Merry and Pippin – seems to represent them in a different light than did Tolkien. In the book, Aragorn himself starts the fire at the mountaintop. In the movie, however, Merry, Pippin and Sam foolishly start the fire because they are hungry and want to fry some tomatoes and bacon: Pippin: Can I have some meat? Merry: Okay. Want some tomatoes, Sam? Great tomatoes! Frodo: (Waking up from sleep) What are you doing? Merry: Tomatoes, sausages, nice crispy bacon. Sam: We saved some for you, Mr. Frodo. Frodo: Put it out, you fools! Put it out! (Begins stamping out the fire) Pippin: Oh that’s nice! Ash on my tomatoes! This is not the first attempt to portray Merry, Pippin and Sam as the comic relief in the movie. In earlier scenes such as the one where Pippin wants a ‘second breakfast’ but Aragorn will have none of it, the mood is at least light-hearted. In the Weathertop scene, the audience is made to believe that Merry and Pippin are gluttonous, reckless hobbits who neither know nor care about the importance of the mission they are on. Their stupidity is directly responsible for Frodo’s being stabbed by the Mordor blade carried by one of the Nazgul. This scene also highlights the nature of Frodo’s experience with the ring. ... e Nazgul is one of the sequences where the portrayal of the characters of the hobbits - especially Merry and Pippin - seems to represent them in a different light than did Tolkien. In the book, Aragorn himself starts the fire at the mountaintop. In the movie, however, Merry, Pippin and Sam foolishly start the fire because they are hungry and want to fry some tomatoes and bacon: Pippin: Can I have some meat Merry: Okay. Want some tomatoes, Sam Great tomatoes! Frodo: (Waking up from sleep) What are you doing Merry: Tomatoes, sausages, nice crispy bacon. Sam: We saved some for you, Mr. Frodo. Frodo: Put it out, you fools! Put it out! (Begins stamping out the fire) Pippin: Oh that's nice! Ash on my tomatoes! This is not the first attempt to portray Merry, Pippin and Sam as the comic relief in the movie. In earlier scenes such as the one where Pippin wants a 'second breakfast' but Aragorn will have none of it, the mood is at least light-hearted. In the Weathertop scene, the audience is made to believe that Merry and Pippin are gluttonous, reckless hobbits who neither know nor care about the importance of the mission they are on. Their stupidity is directly responsible for Frodo's being stabbed by the Mordor blade carried by one of the Nazgul. This scene also highlights the nature of Frodo's experience with the ring. As in the Prancing Pony when he puts on the ring accidentally, Frodo is shown by Jackson to experience visions of Sauron's eye, which is nowhere in the book. The changes that Frodo goes through are psychological rather than literal in Tolkien's book. In the book, Frodo just turns invisible, as Bilbo used to, when he puts the ring on. While this may be attributed to the director's need to visually depict the trauma that Frodo goes through because of the

Introduction to Theories of International Trade

Introduction to Theories of International Trade In this concept there are mainly two theories that are classical theory of trade and new trade theory each differentiates from each other with different advantages, assumption and drawbacks. Exchange of goods and services on an international level between two or more countries is stated as international trade. Trade generally takes place between different companies it is of different goods and services. An import is goods and services bought by other country for local use. Example: UK imports gold, telecom equipment from India and export is the process of selling the goods and services which the host country has produced in the country more than sufficient. Example: Tea is exported to UK from India. However, government and individual person often buy and sell products and services internationally resulting international trade. Integration of the world economy is more than ever before. We participate in world/global economy by purchasing or selling goods and services in day to day lif e. Industrial equipments, oil, agricultural products, services like banking transportation, telecommunication, and tourism services are main part of international trade commonly. International transportation and communication cost has been reduced significantly resulting in greater integration between the economies of the world. The interdependence of countries can affect prices, wages, employment, and production in other country; it also affects economic trends and financial condition of each other. For prosperity countries have to work together more closely and rely on each other. Classical Trade theory: Classical theory focused mainly on occurrence of trade. The firms felt need of a separate theory due to fundamental differentiation of internal trade. These theories feature the variation in comparative benefit of manufacturing commodities of 2 countries to the diversity in the manufacturing competence of workers in that particular country it is focused on single value prices. Factor price differences are never considered in this theory. There are several sub theories in this particular concept which is explained as followed. (Sinha, n.d.) Absolute advantage Theory of trades (Adam smith, 1776): In the 2nd part of the 18th economic progress got complicated due to mercantilism policies. In the book The Wealth of Nations published in 1776 author Adam Smith stated that mercantilism theory favors the producers and reduces the interest of the consumers. Adam smith says in his theory that exports are profitable but countries should also import goods and services to satisfy better requirements of consumers instead of making them here in internal market. As we can see in the figure 1, country 1 has absolute advantage in good A production/resources and country 2 has absolute advantage in good B production/resources so country 1 should export good A to country 2 and import good B from country 2 vise versa. (Anon, n.d.) Figure 1: Absolute Advantage (Absolute Advantage n.d.) Assumptions of absolute advantage theory: Trade between two countries for two commodities: If we take three or more countries it does not help analytically for absolute advantage theory. Efficiency of the product: Countrys goal is not always efficiency comparing at the level of the world it is not easy to produce efficient product every time. Zero transportations cost: Transportation cost is not considered in absolute advantage theory. Factor mobility/immobility: Theory presumes that all the resources are mobile in the country and immobile between two or more countries. Total employment: Theory considers that every country has full employment in the whole country. (Anon, n.d.) Comparative advantage Theory (David Ricardo, 1817): This theory of David Ricardo states that both the countries involved in trade can gain a lot even if one of the countries is producing less than all goods and services that produced by other country. As can be seen in the graph below country B is producing more than country A in both the goods that is produced in both countries. Both the counties should specialize in what there is low opportunity cost is required. (Anon 1, n.d.) Figure 2: Comparative Advantage (Comparative Advantage n.d.) No or low transportation cost: consideration of the transportation cost is not even taken in this theory also. No negative externalities: theory does not say about externalities affecting trade, and it also does not take into consideration that there could be negative externalities for more production. (Anon 2, n.d.) There are no economies of scale: Due to different policies of government for particular country it becomes hard to trade freely and affects the total production and eventually affecting to the scale of economy. (Anon 3, 2008) Mercantilism Theory (16th century): Mercantilism theory is a thinking of 16th century. Major trading nations were thinking that if we increase our exports internationally we will gain power, wealth and also the precious metals like gold and silver in return. The theory says that in total world there was only fixed wealth which will increase our countries wealth resulting in becoming powerful country through either importing or exporting the goods in high quality but in lower cost. Earlier days transactions was use to take place in the form of either in gold or in silver coins which created trend of exporting more and importing less is called as mercantilism. (Anon1, n.d.) Mercantilism is time bounded; it is short term because after some period of time resources will be over due to large no of use of the raw material. Then countries will have to import the same good to their own country. Certain goods should be imported by any country to avoid later effect of scarcity for any goods and services. (Anon 4, 2008) Factor Endowments Theory (Heckscher in 1919, Ohlin in 1933): In this theory both Swedish economists Heckscher and Ohlin have different view/explanation about comparative advantage. They both think that comparative advantage comes from difference in national factor endowments. Factor endowments means the scope of the country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital, workforce, and infrastructure. Different countries have different factors endowed, and different factor endowments explain differences in factor costs. To lower the cost the factor should be more profuse. This theory proposes that the nations would export those goods that makes demanding use of those factors that are locally more in numbers, and should import those goods those have scarcity locally. (Aswathappa, 2010) New trade theory: This theory endeavor to comprehend and give details of the global trade affect the diversity of goods accessible to consumer around the world, these theories also describe concentration of market structure. Analysis of Trade: The testimony brings the awareness that the trade between India and U.K has historical trade relations. Indias exports to U.K was beneficial to both countries as U.K use to import raw material and make it into finished goods and again export those products to other countries. According to the survey it is observed that India had good revenue when the exports were high to U.K but as India moved towards diversification the exports of the country started declining since the year 2000. Both countries are the top investors in the economies of each others economies, this enables long term benefits to both countries. (Anon 5, 2012) Exports of India: The current situation of Indias exports shows positive sign on the trade i.e. exports of the country was worth 23698 million USD. In the GDP 22% of exports is been contributed, out of which jewelry constitutes 16% of contribution in exports. Mainly India exports to U.S, European Union, China Arab Emirates. (Tradingeconomics 1, 2012) Exports of U.K: The current market situation of U.K according to the records is 40. 5 Billion GBP in September 2012. This country is considered as fifth largest nation. The main export of U.K is telecommunication equipment, aircrafts, automatic data processing equipment etc. U.K mainly exports goods and services to Ireland, USA, France and Germany. (Tradingeconomics 2, 2012) Positive impacts of International trade on India and U.K: The growth of India rose above 6% after the year 2000. Overall employment also increased from 1% to about 3% which is beneficial to the economy. Liberalization of trade policies enabled to bring efficiency in several terms. Improved standard of living of the country. (Sankaran, Abraham, and Joseph, n.d.) Increase in possible growth of the business. Expand market share globally. Enables steady variation of market.(Economywatch, 2010) Protectionism of trade theory: This concept came into existence in order to protect the interest of the country who is involved in international trade. Here government protects the firms from exploitation of other countries. Typical method of protectionism is direct state intervention, subsidies, tax cuts to local business, quotas and tariffs. These are main types of protectionism method used by the government. Merits of protectionism: Protectionism of international trade helps protecting the local organization and employment. With help of reduction in imports economical aggregate demand will increase. Country can develop some laws to avoid dumping. Foreign companies bring their products and sell them in lowest price than the production cost. Protectionism helps in developing new domestic firm to grow faster blocking the foreign company to develop locally. (Gulrajani, 2009) Demerits of protectionism: Innovation and improvement will become weak as there will not be much of competition due to protectionism. Dismissal and burnout will be the ultimate result of protectionism. Lower or bad quality might dissatisfy the customers because of long term protectionism. Redundancy can become serious issue due to less innovation or improvement. Protectionism affects the countries economy and also the world economy. Many countries are now avoiding protectionism ad they are favoring more of free trade agreements. (Anon 8, n.d.) Analysis of Comparative Advantage: At a lower opportunity cost when a country produces goods and services when compared with other country that particular country is said to have comparative advantage. (Economicshelp, n.d.) Comparative advantage of India: India has huge population therefore this particular country has good labor and so it is specialized in labor intensive product. This capability differentiates themselves from other countries, and makes maximum use of it in order to make maximum profits which would add to host countries economy. (Tradingeconomics 3, 2012) Comparative advantage of U.K: U.K is vast country therefore they are specialized in several goods but mainly the comparative advantage of this country is manufactured goods i.e. is pharmaceutical products, telecommunication product etc. the quality provided by this country for these country makes product outstanding also the technologies use to manufacture these product ensure efficiency in goods that exported. (Economicsonline, n.d.) Criticism to Comparative advantage: Even if the countries do not have clear comparative advantage, they aim to take risk by broadening there horizons for goods and services. The assumption of two country and two goods is incorrect as the real world is too complex by exporting and importing different services and goods. This concept is not constant i.e. it can change over a period of time. In this concept exchange rates and relative prices are not taken into consideration. Structural unemployment is possible if there is complete specialization as there are some cases where workers cannot transfer from one sector to another. Without any diminishing return this concept is perfectly mobile. (Economicsonline, n.d.) Conclusion: International trade and investment is constituted by economic relation. This irregularity is embedded in a situation where prosperous countries are impatient to stipulate free trade for others but are hesitant to compel it on themselves and are capable to evade doing so. The current market of international trade promotes growth and aims to reduce poverty. Different theories have different assumptions but the modern theory is considered to be more effective then the other as it focuses on both i.e. exports as well imports. The protectionism concept is effectively being used by the countries in order to avoid exploitation and also ensures smooth going in trade.

Imprisonment and Social Control Essay -- Prison Justice

Imprisonment is one of the primary ways in which social control may be achieved; the Sage Dictionary of Criminology defines social control as a concept used to describe all the ways in which conformity may be achieved. Throughout time imprisonment and its ideas around social control have varied. Imprisonment has not always been used for punishment, nor has it always thought about the prisoners themselves. However when looking at imprisonment it is important to consider the new penology. Therefore, it needs to be clear what the new penology is. The new penology is said, not to be about punishing individuals or about rehabilitating them, but about identifying and managing unruly groups in society. It is concerned with the managerial processes, not the individual’s behaviour or even community organisation. All in all, its goal is to make crime tolerable, not to eliminate it entirely. (Feeley, M and Simon, J). Therefore the New Penology is not about the reform of individuals but the control of populations as a whole, with imprisonment focusing on particular offenders who are defined as ‘persistent’ or ‘high rate’. In light of this, the history of imprisonment, the purposes of imprisonment and indeed the question of whether it works as a form of social control or not all need to be addressed, as well as looking into the critics of the new penology. Imprisonment has a number of purposes, the first being punishment, which brings with it the idea of retribution and revenge. The second purpose is incapacitation, this looks at the protection of society and the length of time the individual must serve in prison. Deterrence is the third purpose; it attempts to prevent the individual committing any future crime and goes some way to deter ... ...ology. Devon: Willan Publishing, pp 684-713. Sampson, R, and Laub, J. (1933), ‘Individual Factors in Crime’, in Newburn, T. Criminology. Devon: Willan Publishing, pp. 843. Shichor, D. (1997) ‘Three Strikes as a Public Policy: The Convergence of the New Penology and the McDonaldization of Punishment’, Crime Delinquency, (43), pp. 470-492. Spelman, W. (2000) ‘What Recent Studies Do (and Dont) Tell Us About Imprisonment and Crime’. In Michael, T. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. (3). Chicargo: University of Chicargo Press. Wilson, D. (2006) ‘Social Control’, The Sage Dictionary of Criminology: 391-392. London: Sage Publications. Woolfe, H. And Tumim, S. (1991). ‘Official Aims of Imprisonment’, in Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. The Penal System: An Introduction. London: Sage Publications. Zedner, L (2004). Criminal Justice. New York, USA: Oxford University.

L’Oreal Case Study

1) Using the full spectrum of segmentation variables, describe how L’Oreal has segmented the Indian market From our understanding, L’Oreal made a statement for market â€Å"We don’t do poor products for poor people,†. L’Oreal reduce their price for hair dye, which is $2. 70, and small shampoo packets below $1 in order to compete with local brands. So, L’Oreal had change their segmentation from upper class intourban middle-class. Previous reputation, L’Oreal had losses over 13 years in Indian market.L’Oreal determine that 60 million people who earn $270 per month. Therefore, L’Oreal have to reach this niche market in order to gain back sales. 2) What segment(s) is (are) L’Oreal now targeting? How is L’Oreal now positioning its products? How do these strategies differ from those employed by its competitors in India? L’Oreal targeting the niche market, which is urban middle-class. L’Oreal reduce t he price and offering the product that suitable to the urban middle-class market.L’Oreal advertise their hair care product, by using the billboard across India, where indian women tugging on her braid which is stretched across freeway overpasses and along length of the bus. It show the uniqueness of their products and creativity of advertising, in the same time meet the customer needs. 3) What role, if any, does social responsibility play in L’Oreal targeting strategy in India? L’Oreal consider to reduce their price of some product that suitable to their new target market.Plus, L’Oreal would like to offer their cosmetic product to their new target market in order to fulfill their needs and wants. 4) Do you think that L’Oreal will accomplish its goals in India? Why or why not? L’Oreal will able to accomplish their goal if they keep maintaining the price that suitable for urban middle-class income and also expand their target market to reach m ore segments in India market. 5) What segmentation, targeting and positioning recommendation would you make to L’Oreal for future marketing efforts in India?In order to survive, L’Oreal need to identify the differentiation of each segments, accessible of the segments to buy L’Oreal product, offer unique products, and durability of product due to changes in economic. L’Oreal need to build a product based on their target market, which need meet their needs and wants. L’Oreal also need to be more creative to promote their product that reach each segements. L’Oreal needs to build or expand their outlet to reach the target market. L’Oreal needs to understand the lifestyle each target market. L’Oreal Case Study 1) Using the full spectrum of segmentation variables, describe how L’Oreal has segmented the Indian market From our understanding, L’Oreal made a statement for market â€Å"We don’t do poor products for poor people,†. L’Oreal reduce their price for hair dye, which is $2. 70, and small shampoo packets below $1 in order to compete with local brands. So, L’Oreal had change their segmentation from upper class intourban middle-class. Previous reputation, L’Oreal had losses over 13 years in Indian market.L’Oreal determine that 60 million people who earn $270 per month. Therefore, L’Oreal have to reach this niche market in order to gain back sales. 2) What segment(s) is (are) L’Oreal now targeting? How is L’Oreal now positioning its products? How do these strategies differ from those employed by its competitors in India? L’Oreal targeting the niche market, which is urban middle-class. L’Oreal reduce t he price and offering the product that suitable to the urban middle-class market.L’Oreal advertise their hair care product, by using the billboard across India, where indian women tugging on her braid which is stretched across freeway overpasses and along length of the bus. It show the uniqueness of their products and creativity of advertising, in the same time meet the customer needs. 3) What role, if any, does social responsibility play in L’Oreal targeting strategy in India? L’Oreal consider to reduce their price of some product that suitable to their new target market.Plus, L’Oreal would like to offer their cosmetic product to their new target market in order to fulfill their needs and wants. 4) Do you think that L’Oreal will accomplish its goals in India? Why or why not? L’Oreal will able to accomplish their goal if they keep maintaining the price that suitable for urban middle-class income and also expand their target market to reach m ore segments in India market. 5) What segmentation, targeting and positioning recommendation would you make to L’Oreal for future marketing efforts in India?In order to survive, L’Oreal need to identify the differentiation of each segments, accessible of the segments to buy L’Oreal product, offer unique products, and durability of product due to changes in economic. L’Oreal need to build a product based on their target market, which need meet their needs and wants. L’Oreal also need to be more creative to promote their product that reach each segements. L’Oreal needs to build or expand their outlet to reach the target market. L’Oreal needs to understand the lifestyle each target market.

Free Essays on The Yearling

After the Civil War many men moved to the scrubs. One of those men was Penny Baxter, who moved to a place in the scrubs called Baxter’s Island. He settled there and started a family. He had a wife who goes by Ma, and a son named Jody. Jody’s maturity is shown throughout one year, through different events, in the novel called The Yearling. In the early stages of the book Jody spends his time avoiding his chores, and having fun instead. â€Å"He [Penny] was doing Jody’s work, and in his good coat†(9). Although, it seemed not always to be Jody’s fault that he did not do his work, but some blame could be put on Penny. â€Å"’Men-folks has got to stick together in the name o’ peace’†(11). Penny remembers what it’s like to be a kid, there is just one rule, to act like a kid. Jody did eventually mature enough to do his chores around the house. â€Å"’ Look at him [Jody] move,’ his mother said. ‘To see him hoe, you’d think he was a snail. Say â€Å"huntin†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘ and he’s as quick as an otter’†. (29) Besides hunting, something else motivated Jody to be responsible; Flag. Flag was a fawn that Jody found and raised by himself. Jody was extremely proud of Flag, although Flag was a bit rambunctious toward the end of the book, ruining the only crops the Baxter’s had to eat. This was a serious matter because there was no more hunting to be done at this point, hunting season had ended and the crops and the little meat were suppost to get them through the winter. Throughout the past year, Jody is maturing with each coming day. Different events also guided Jody on the right path to becoming a man. For instance, the death of Fodder-wing. This was a horrible tragedy in this story, yet w if it had not happened, Jody would not have had that motivation to take on more responsibility as he grew older. â€Å"’I come to see Fodder-wing. I come to show him my fawn’. . .’Buck said, ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on The Yearling Free Essays on The Yearling After the Civil War many men moved to the scrubs. One of those men was Penny Baxter, who moved to a place in the scrubs called Baxter’s Island. He settled there and started a family. He had a wife who goes by Ma, and a son named Jody. Jody’s maturity is shown throughout one year, through different events, in the novel called The Yearling. In the early stages of the book Jody spends his time avoiding his chores, and having fun instead. â€Å"He [Penny] was doing Jody’s work, and in his good coat†(9). Although, it seemed not always to be Jody’s fault that he did not do his work, but some blame could be put on Penny. â€Å"’Men-folks has got to stick together in the name o’ peace’†(11). Penny remembers what it’s like to be a kid, there is just one rule, to act like a kid. Jody did eventually mature enough to do his chores around the house. â€Å"’ Look at him [Jody] move,’ his mother said. ‘To see him hoe, you’d think he was a snail. Say â€Å"huntin†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘ and he’s as quick as an otter’†. (29) Besides hunting, something else motivated Jody to be responsible; Flag. Flag was a fawn that Jody found and raised by himself. Jody was extremely proud of Flag, although Flag was a bit rambunctious toward the end of the book, ruining the only crops the Baxter’s had to eat. This was a serious matter because there was no more hunting to be done at this point, hunting season had ended and the crops and the little meat were suppost to get them through the winter. Throughout the past year, Jody is maturing with each coming day. Different events also guided Jody on the right path to becoming a man. For instance, the death of Fodder-wing. This was a horrible tragedy in this story, yet w if it had not happened, Jody would not have had that motivation to take on more responsibility as he grew older. â€Å"’I come to see Fodder-wing. I come to show him my fawn’. . .’Buck said, ï ¿ ½...

Ancient Greek Architecture essays

Ancient Greek Architecture essays The Ancient Greeks constructed magnificent architecture. They had three main styles; Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Doric was the least ornate and Corinthian was the most. The majority of their architecture was done in the Doric style. Six of the Greeks more important structures are the Parthenon, Erechtheion, Herodeion, Temple of Zeus, Treasury of Athenians, and the Temple of Hephaestus. The Parthenon, a well-known and once impressive temple, sets on a hill called the Acropolis. The Acropolis became the religious center of ancient Athens, and it was on this hill that the Greeks built the Parthenon almost 2,500 years ago. They built the Parthenon to honor Athena Parthenos, the pagan goddess of Athens. Athena was the Greek goddess of wisdom and also the Warrior Maiden. The city of Athens was named in her honor. Inside the temple stood a giant gold and ivory statue of Athena. Today the Parthenon is old and crumbled but there is something about it that takes you back to the glory days of ancient Greece. The Parthenon is the biggest temple on the Acropolis and was considered a great beauty in her day. It is square shaped with 8 columns going across each end and 15 along each side. Inside, people can only imagine the once magnificent gold and ivory statue of Athena. The Parthenon had a roof of two skewed sides with a triangular space underneath each end so that carvings of gods and goddesses could be placed inside. An inner border of carvings shows a parade of Athenians including warriors, women, and priests. Ictinus and Callicrates designed the Parthenon with sculpture work done by Phidias. It is made completely of white marble and surrounded by large standing columns. The temple had two rooms inside its cella, the encased space inside the colonnade. The smaller room was dedicated to the goddess Parthenon and in due time the whole building was named aft...

Biological Influences-U2-IP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biological Influences-U2-IP - Essay Example So the mind received the maximum effect of coarseness and sent stimuli to feel that. After a minute or two (not for a long time) if again rubbed, the time is not sufficiently large enough to forget the coarseness of the sand paper. This time the sand paper was rubbed with index finger having a perception about its coarseness. This type of adaptation of the mind to the situation decreases its extent of stimuli and as a result the perception of coarseness is up to less extent when the sand paper was rubbed for 2nd time. Here the adaptation was evident by touch.Take two cups of water.The first one will be sugar mixed water and the second with fresh water. Now the sip of the sugar mixed water was taken and swished around in the mouth for some time.This action made the water to mix with saliva in the mouth.As a result the sweetness of it was decreased. Another factor also may contribute to the decrease of sweetness of the sugar water. (When swished (liquid) or chewed (solid) the sugars in the substance will be disintegrated to smaller molecules of sugar and the carbohydrates also to the level of smaller molecules of sugar.This makes the sweet food to taste less sweet and the carbohydrate food a little bit sweeter after chewing it for some time.)By the time the sugar water tastes less sweet than its real taste the taste buds were adapted to its sweet taste.

International Production and Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

International Production and Trade - Essay Example Dumping has led to development and enactment of various rules and regulations for international trade to foster more cooperation among different countries. Lack of proper and comprehensive and binding international trade regulations, tensions between trading partners are likely as states try to maximize domestic gains from trade, often at the expense of trading partners’ welfare. Chapter six of the notes also deals with selling products from one country to a different country, is likely to affect the domestic business and trade in the importing country. This requires the government to formulate laws and regulations to enable a level playing ground for all players in the business, both local and international trade. International traders are likely to bring in cheaper products and services that are likely to disrupt the demand and supply of the business environment and will greatly affect the sales in of the local businesses, thus leading to losses and loss of jobs in the count ry. There is need to have in place regulatory measures to ensure there is a level playing field and that international trade does not affect the local businesses in the negative way (Fried 34). ... WTO ensures that all the rules and agreements entered in to by various countries are observed to the later and the countries failing to follow the rules will be punished through appropriated sanctions from the body. Chapter six also discusses the various perspectives of international trade. The three main perspectives of international trade include the Liberals, mercantilists and structuralists, who have different views and opinions regarding to how trade should be conducted on the international scene. For liberalists, international trade should be conducted using the ideas of thinkers such as ideas of Smith and Ricardo, who give various conditions within which the trade can flourish on the international arena. In Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage, he provided liberal ideas about how trade can flourish between countries using their strengths and weakness in terms of their production of goods and services. According to both Ricardo and Smith, global trade should not be based on who can produce the most of any give product, since this can be disadvantageous for businesses due to the limitations of scarce resources. This limitation means that no particular country can produce as much as it wants of all goods and services; opportunity cost must therefore be considered. Absolute advantage cannot therefore be relied on as a policy for international trade. On the other hand, comparative advantage is the best policy because it allows countries to produce whatever they can produce efficiently and then getting the other products from other countries or businesses that also have a comparative advantage in the production of such products and services. According to

The Constructivist Approach in International Relations Essay

The Constructivist Approach in International Relations - Essay Example The paper tells that the constructivists have over and over questioned the rationale behind the self-centred notion of rationalism. In place of this, Constructivism has favoured some form of social ontology. Its proponents believe that human beings are social actors, and as such can never live away from the society’s power to shape their actions, so that they can conform to certain forms of behaviour. However, Wendt admits that, since constructivism is unable to provide international relations with â€Å"a clear test of their predictive power...† and without a clear theory to help in assessing domestic politics, it cannot, therefore, solely in studying international relations. It needs a backing from some other theories of international relations. Therefore, my paper seeks to critically assess the strengths and shortcomings of the constructivist approach in International Relations. In doing this, the paper will give a brief discussion on how constructivism has come to b e one of the major theoretical approaches of IR. It will also look at the strengths and weaknesses of constructivism. Moreover, it will give a comparison between constructivism and neorealism. The works of various constructivists will be visited to shed more light on the topic. These constructivists include Martha Finnemore, Alexander Wendt, Thomas Risse, and Peter Katzenstein. Today constructivism is actually one of the main theories of International Relations. It is built on the premise that almost all important features of global politics owe their existence to some given social circumstances and events in history. The theory strongly refutes the claim that international politics are controlled by intentional human actions that can never be controlled. It also does not agree with the notion that international politics is controlled by the uncontrollable nature of the same. The intention of constructivism to look at international relations as a result of social construction makes the theory clearly distinct from the traditional approaches to not only realism but also liberalism. There is a lot of emphasis on the human nature of humans as being an outcome of the relations we have with others. We are who we are today because of the social relations. As such, the argument here is that it is our social relations that construct us. However, the same world cannot exist without human beings since it is what it is because of the social relations. Therefore, as the world controls us, we equally control the world. Both humans and the world make each other (Zehfuss 2002, p.4). Constructivism’s importance in international relations is clearly brought out in the claim that the most important debate, now or in future, is that â€Å"between rationalists and constructivists.† Another factor that makes constructivism an important tool in the study of international relations is the fact that it occupies â€Å"the middle ground between rationalism and more radic al approaches, often called reflectivist or relativist†

Binge drinking Essay Example for Free

Binge drinking Essay ?Binge drinking, especially among the youth, has been on the rise in Singapore. explore some of the reasons why youths resort to binge drinking and the consequences. What is binge drinking? This happens when someone drinks excessive amounts of alcohol. To drink alcohol socially is one thing, For instance, at parties and at gatherings. Conversely, when alcohol is heavily consumed over a short period of time, also commonly known as, binge drinking, it brings about undesirable health effects to the body. Binge drinking has been discovered to be more common among youths aged 18 – 29 years old in Singapore. Statistics show that 18. 7% of them have been found to be men and 12. 2% of them women (â€Å"Binge drinking among†, 2013). Peer pressure, affluence and stress are some reasons why youths engage in binge drinking. It is crucial to explore reasons why youths revel in binge drinking despite its obvious dangers. Binge drinking can be described as excessive drinking which can be hazardous to one’s health. This essay will discuss the reasons why youths enjoy binge drinking and its destructive consequences. Peer pressure is one of the essential drivers of binge drinking. Teenagers are often influenced when they see their friends drinking while some simply do not want to feel left out at parties and gatherings (Dowshen, 2013). Who would really want to stand out from the rest of their friends? It is normal and common for teenagers to want to fit in. Many a times, teenagers find it difficult to resist their friends’ invitations and hence, end up indulging in binge drinking with their friends. This is to a great extent common among teenagers with friends who consistently drink. Affluence is another cause of binge drinking. It is often stereotyped that youths of low-income families are more likely to resort to drinking and substance abuse due to financial and emotional problems. However, findings have proven otherwise. Youths from affluent families are highly inclined to engage themselves in binge drinking due to the pressure that is placed on them by their parents to excel well in school and all other areas (Luthar, 2014). Apart from that, with the accessibility to easy money, loads of free time and lack of parental supervision, affluent youths result to binge drinking because of the carefree and luxurious lifestyle they live in (White, 2007). Stress is a popular reason why teenagers resort to binge drinking. Teenagers are often stressed out with school. Case in point, when they are loaded with huge amounts of homework and given almost no time to finish them. They view alcohol as a way to get themselves ‘high’ and relieve their stress (Cyhlarova, 2010). This frequently brings about binge drinking. Apart from the stress they get from school, teenagers can also be stressed due to relationship issues. They heavily depend on alcohol to dispose of their worries and stress. Binge drinking can result in both long term and short term health effects. Some long term effects are liver disease and kidney damage. Alcohol poisoning is one of the most deadly short term effects of binge drinking (Burke, 2012). At the point, when an individual consumes alcohol excessively, their pharyngeal reflex and breathing gets affected. The pharyngeal reflex is known to help to prevent one from choking. Therefore, if the reflex does not function well, one might die of choking on their own vomit. In conclusion, parents play an enormous role in being a good role model to their children. They are responsible for educating their children from young on the impacts of binge drinking and why they should not engage in it. In addition, parents can be vigilant and keep an eye over their children. For example, keeping track of their daily activities and the people they hang out with. Research has shown that when parents go the extra mile and put in effort to be more involved in the lives of their children, it reduces the likelihood of their children drinking. Teenagers can also play their own part in protecting themselves from falling into the trap of binge drinking. They can do so by wisely choosing their circle of friends. They should avoid having friendship ties with friends who consistently pressure them to drink along with them and instead make good friends with those who lead them in the right path. Binge drinking is a behaviour that comes with a heavy price to pay. However, with the right prevention measures put in place, teenagers can stay safe, away from this deadly habit. (620 Words) References Binge drinking among young adults remains a concern, say doctors. (2013). Retrieved from http://news. xin. msn. com/en/singapore/binge-drinking-among-young-adults-remains-a-concern-say-doctors-1 Burke, D. (2012). Alcohol overdose. Retrieved from http://www. healthline. com/health/acoholism/overdose#Overview1 Chavez, N. (2004). Preventing adolescent binge drinking. Retrieved from http://www. youthbingedrinking. org/you/parents. php Cyhlarova, E. (2010). Alcohol: a cure for stress? Retrieved from https://www. drinkaware. co. uk/check-the-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/mental-health/alcohol-a-cure-for-stress#adverse Dowshen, S. (2013). Binge drinking. Retrieved from http://teenshealth. org/teen/drug_alcohol/alcohol/binge_drink. html# Luthar, S. (2014). The problem with rich kids. Retrieved from http://www. psychologytoday. com/articles/201310/the-problem-rich-kids Wilkins, E. (2008). Teens, alcohol and binge drinking: why kids are drinking hard alcohol at a younger age. Retrieved from http://www. empoweringparents. com/Teens-Alcohol-and-Binge-Drinking. php# White, P. (2007). The dare side of wealth: risks associated with growing up in an affluent family. Retrieved from http://www. drpaulwhite. com/the-dark-side-of-wealth-risks-associated-with-growing-up-in-an-affluent-family-%E2%80%93-risk-1-drug-alcohol-abuse/.

Diphtheria (corynebacterium Diphtheriae) :: essays research papers

Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) Corynebacteria are Gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria related to the Actinomycetes. They do not form spores or branch as do the actinomycetes, but they have the characteristic of forming irregular shaped, club-shaped or V-shaped arrangements in normal growth. They undergo snapping movements just after cell division which brings them into characteristic arrangements resembling Chinese letters. The genus Corynebacterium consists of a diverse group of bacteria including animal and plant pathogens, as well as saprophytes. Some corynebacteria are part of the normal flora of humans, finding a suitable niche in virtually every anatomic site. The best known and most widely studied species is Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causal agent of the disease diphtheria. History and Background No bacterial disease of humans has been as successfully studied as diphtheria. The etiology, mode of transmission, pathogenic mechanism and molecular basis of exotoxin structure, function, and action have been clearly established. Consequently, highly effective methods of treatment and prevention of diphtheria have been developed. The study of Corynebacterium diphtheriae traces closely the development of medical microbiology, immunology and molecular biology. Many contributions to these fields, as well as to our understanding of host-bacterial interactions, have been made studying diphtheria and the diphtheria toxin. Hippocrates provided the first clinical description of diphtheria in the 4th century B.C. There are also references to the disease in ancient Syria and Egypt. In the 17th century, murderous epidemics of diphtheria swept Europe; in Spain "El garatillo" (the strangler"), in Italy and Sicily, "the gullet disease". In the 18th century, the disease reached the American colonies and reached epidemic proportions in 1735. Often, whole families died of the disease in a few weeks. The bacterium that caused diphtheria was first described by Klebs in 1883, and was cultivated by Loeffler in 1884, who applied Koch's postulates and properly identified Corynebacterium diphtheriae as the agent of the disease. In 1884, Loeffler concluded that C. diphtheriae produced a soluble toxin, and thereby provided the first description of a bacterial exotoxin. In 1888, Roux and Yersin demonstrated the presence of the toxin in the cell-free culture fluid of C. diphtheriae which, when injected into suitable lab animals, caused the systemic manifestation of diphtheria. Two years later, von Behring and Kitasato succeeded in immunizing guinea pigs with a heat-attenuated form of the toxin and demonstrated that the sera of immunized animals contained an antitoxin capable of protecting other susceptible animals against the disease. This modified toxin was suitable for immunizing animals to obtain antitoxin but was found to cause severe local reactions in humans and could not be used as a vaccine. In 1909, Theobald Smith, in the U.S., demonstrated that diphtheria toxin

Simple Machines :: essays research papers

Simple Machines Definitions: Machine- A device that makes work easier by changing the speed , direction, or amount of a force. Simple Machine- A device that performs work with only one movement. Simple machines include lever, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge. Ideal Mechanical Advantage (IMA)- A machine in which work in equals work out; such a machine would be frictionless and a 100% efficient IMA= De/Dr Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA)- It is pretty much the opposite of IMA meaning it is not 100% efficient and it has friction. AMA= Fr/Fe Efficiency- The amount of work put into a machine compared to how much useful work is put out by the machine; always between 0% and 100%. Friction- The force that resist motion between two surfaces that are touching each other. What do we use machines for?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Machines are used for many things. Machines are used in everyday life just to make things easier. You use many machines in a day that you might take for granted. For example a simple ordinary broom is a machine. It is a form of a lever. Our country or world would never be this evolved if it wasn't for machine. Almost every thing we do has a machine involved. We use machines to manufacture goods, for transportation, ect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the W=F*d equation the trade of between force and distance is as you use a machine the force goes down and distance goes up. If there was no friction they would be equal and trade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are six simple machines. They are a lever, pulleys, inclined plain, wheel and axle, screw, and wedge. The lever is used very often an example of a lever is a broom. Your hand is the fulcrum and when you sweep it is a lever. A lever consist of a fulcrum, effort, and resistance. A pulley is used to lift or pull objects with a advantage. To get a advantage it matters how many lines are going to the load. For example if there is 3 lines to the load it is a 3/1 advantage. A inclined plain is used to lift an object easier but with more work. Instead of lifting it straight up you push it a greater distance but with less force. A screw is a inclined plain wrapped around a cylinder post. Its like a ramp around the screw. A wedge is a inclined plain with one or two sloping sides. Chisels, knives, and ax blades are examples of wedges.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IMA is ideal mechanical advantage meaning a frictionless world with 100% efficiency. It is saying that work in and work out are exactly the same.